MAREY, (ETIENNE JULES). - THE INVENTION OF THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF MOTION, THE CINEMATOGRAPHE.

Analyse du méchanisme de la locomotion au moyen d'une série d'images photographiques recueillies sur une même plaque et représentant les phases successives du mouvement (Séance 3 Juillet 1882). (+) Emploi de la photographie pour déterminer la trajectoire des corps mouvement, avec leurs vitesses à chaque instant et leurs positions relatives. Applications à la mechanique animale. (Séance 7 Aout 1882). (+) Reproduction typographique des photographies; procédé de M. Ch. Petit. Note de M. Marey. (Séance 2 Octobre 1882). (+) Modifications de la Photo-chronographie pour l'analyse des mouvements exécutés sur la place par un animal. (Séance 15 Octobre 1888). (+) Des mouvements de la natation de l'anquille, étudiés par la Photo-chronographie. (Séance 22 Octobre 1888). (+) Décomposition des phases d'un mouvement au moyen d'images photographiques successives, recueillies sur une bande de papier sensible qui se déroule. (Séance 29 Octobre 1888). (+) Le mouvement des êtres micrroscopiques analysé par la Chronophotographie. (Séance 2 Mai 1892).

Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1882, 1888, 1892. 4to. No wrappers. 7 entire issues. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences", Tome 95, No 1, 6 a. 14. Tome 107, No 16, 17 a. 18, Tome 114, No 18. (7 entire issues offered). With halftitles and titlepages to Vol. 95, 107 a. 114. The papers: pp. 14-16 (No1), 267-270 (no 6), 583-585, 2 textillustr. (no 14) - pp. 607-609 (No 16), 643-645, 1 textillustr. (No 17), 677-678 (No 18) - pp. 989-990 (No. 18). Stamps on verso of titlepages.

First printing of the main papers CONSTITUTING THE INVENTION OF MODERN CINEMATOGRAPHY -- from his invention of 1888 of the "Chronophotograph" followed the modern "Cinematograph" (first described here in the offered papers of 1888).
It started with his invention of the chronographic apparatus with stationary plates and chronographic disk schutter... the paper of August 7, 1882, later in 1882 his description of the photographic gun, and in the 1892 paper "Marey constructs, according to the reversible principle of the chronophotograph, an apparatus for the projection on a screen of series of pictures taken by the afore-mentioned apparatus and thus realizes the photographic synthesis of motion" (Joseph Maria Eder "History of Photography", p.510).

Marey (1830-1904) was a French physician, and his inventions sprang from his investigations in the physiology of the motion of men and animals.

"In 1882, Marey, often claimed to be the 'inventor of cinema,' constructed a camera (or "photographic gun") that could take multiple (12) photographs per second of moving animals or humans - called chronophotography or serial photography, similar to Muybridge's work on taking multiple exposed images of running horses. [The term shooting a film was possibly derived from Marey's invention.] He was able to record multiple images of a subject's movement on the same camera plate, rather than the individual images Muybridge had produced.
Marey's chronophotographs (multiple exposures on single glass plates and on strips of sensitized paper - celluloid film - that passed automatically through a camera of his own design) were revolutionary. He was soon able to achieve a frame rate of 30 images. Further experimentation was conducted by French-born Louis Aime Augustin Le Prince in 1888. Le Prince used long rolls of paper covered with photographic emulsion for a camera that he devised and patented. Two short fragments survive of his early motion picture film (one of which was titled Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge).
The work of Muybridge, Marey and Le Prince laid the groundwork for the development of motion picture cameras, projectors and transparent celluloid film - hence the development of cinema. American inventor George Eastman, who had first manufactured photographic dry plates in 1878, provided a more stable type of celluloid film with his concurrent developments in 1888 of sensitized paper roll photographic film (instead of glass plates) and a convenient "Kodak" small box camera (a still camera) that used the roll film. He improved upon the paper roll film with another invention in 1889 - perforated celluloid (synthetic plastic material coated with gelatin) roll-film with photographic emulsion." (Tim Dirks "The History of Film. The Pre-1920s").

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